# Serving MLflow models¶

Out of the box, MLServer supports the deployment and serving of MLflow models with the following features:

• Support of dataframes, dict-of-tensors and tensor inputs.

In this example, we will showcase some of this features using an example model.

from IPython.core.magic import register_line_cell_magic

@register_line_cell_magic
def writetemplate(line, cell):
with open(line, 'w') as f:
f.write(cell.format(**globals()))


## Training¶

The first step will be to train and serialise a MLflow model. For that, we will use the linear regression examle from the MLflow docs.

# %load src/train.py
# Original source code and more details can be found in:
# https://www.mlflow.org/docs/latest/tutorials-and-examples/tutorial.html

# The data set used in this example is from
# http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Wine+Quality
# P. Cortez, A. Cerdeira, F. Almeida, T. Matos and J. Reis.
# Modeling wine preferences by data mining from physicochemical properties.
# In Decision Support Systems, Elsevier, 47(4):547-553, 2009.

import warnings
import sys

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error, mean_absolute_error, r2_score
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.linear_model import ElasticNet
from urllib.parse import urlparse
import mlflow
import mlflow.sklearn
from mlflow.models.signature import infer_signature

import logging

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.WARN)
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

def eval_metrics(actual, pred):
rmse = np.sqrt(mean_squared_error(actual, pred))
mae = mean_absolute_error(actual, pred)
r2 = r2_score(actual, pred)
return rmse, mae, r2

if __name__ == "__main__":
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
np.random.seed(40)

# Read the wine-quality csv file from the URL
csv_url = (
"http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml"
"/machine-learning-databases/wine-quality/winequality-red.csv"
)
try:
except Exception as e:
logger.exception(
"check your internet connection. Error: %s",
e,
)

# Split the data into training and test sets. (0.75, 0.25) split.
train, test = train_test_split(data)

# The predicted column is "quality" which is a scalar from [3, 9]
train_x = train.drop(["quality"], axis=1)
test_x = test.drop(["quality"], axis=1)
train_y = train[["quality"]]
test_y = test[["quality"]]

alpha = float(sys.argv[1]) if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 0.5
l1_ratio = float(sys.argv[2]) if len(sys.argv) > 2 else 0.5

with mlflow.start_run():
lr = ElasticNet(alpha=alpha, l1_ratio=l1_ratio, random_state=42)
lr.fit(train_x, train_y)

predicted_qualities = lr.predict(test_x)

(rmse, mae, r2) = eval_metrics(test_y, predicted_qualities)

print("Elasticnet model (alpha=%f, l1_ratio=%f):" % (alpha, l1_ratio))
print("  RMSE: %s" % rmse)
print("  MAE: %s" % mae)
print("  R2: %s" % r2)

mlflow.log_param("alpha", alpha)
mlflow.log_param("l1_ratio", l1_ratio)
mlflow.log_metric("rmse", rmse)
mlflow.log_metric("r2", r2)
mlflow.log_metric("mae", mae)

tracking_url_type_store = urlparse(mlflow.get_tracking_uri()).scheme
model_signature = infer_signature(train_x, train_y)

# Model registry does not work with file store
if tracking_url_type_store != "file":

# Register the model
# There are other ways to use the Model Registry,
# which depends on the use case,
# https://mlflow.org/docs/latest/model-registry.html#api-workflow
mlflow.sklearn.log_model(
lr,
"model",
registered_model_name="ElasticnetWineModel",
signature=model_signature,
)
else:
mlflow.sklearn.log_model(lr, "model", signature=model_signature)


!python src/train.py


The training script will also serialise our trained model, leveraging the MLflow Model format. By default, we should be able to find the saved artifact under the mlruns folder.

[experiment_file_path] = !ls -td ./mlruns/0/* | head -1
model_path = os.path.join(experiment_file_path, "artifacts", "model")
print(model_path)

!ls {model_path}


## Serving¶

Now that we have trained and serialised our model, we are ready to start serving it. For that, the initial step will be to set up a model-settings.json that instructs MLServer to load our artifact using the MLflow Inference Runtime.

%%writetemplate ./model-settings.json
{{
"name": "wine-classifier",
"implementation": "mlserver_mlflow.MLflowRuntime",
"parameters": {{
"uri": "{model_path}"
}}
}}


Now that we have our config in-place, we can start the server by running mlserver start .. This needs to either be ran from the same directory where our config files are or pointing to the folder where they are.

mlserver start .


Since this command will start the server and block the terminal, waiting for requests, this will need to be ran in the background on a separate terminal.

### Send test inference request¶

We now have our model being served by mlserver. To make sure that everything is working as expected, let’s send a request from our test set. For that, we can use the Python types that mlserver provides out of box, or we can build our request manually.

Note that, the request specifies the value pd as its content type, whereas every input specifies the content type np. These parameters will instruct MLServer to:

• Convert every input value to a NumPy array, using the data type and shape information provided.

• Group all the different inputs into a Pandas DataFrame, using their names as the column names.

To learn more about how MLServer uses content type parameters, you can check this worked out example.

import requests

inference_request = {
"inputs": [
{
"name": "fixed acidity",
"shape": [1],
"datatype": "FP32",
"data": [7.4],
},
{
"name": "volatile acidity",
"shape": [1],
"datatype": "FP32",
"data": [0.7000],
},
{
"name": "citric acid",
"shape": [1],
"datatype": "FP32",
"data": [0],
},
{
"name": "residual sugar",
"shape": [1],
"datatype": "FP32",
"data": [1.9],
},
{
"name": "chlorides",
"shape": [1],
"datatype": "FP32",
"data": [0.076],
},
{
"name": "free sulfur dioxide",
"shape": [1],
"datatype": "FP32",
"data": [11],
},
{
"name": "total sulfur dioxide",
"shape": [1],
"datatype": "FP32",
"data": [34],
},
{
"name": "density",
"shape": [1],
"datatype": "FP32",
"data": [0.9978],
},
{
"name": "pH",
"shape": [1],
"datatype": "FP32",
"data": [3.51],
},
{
"name": "sulphates",
"shape": [1],
"datatype": "FP32",
"data": [0.56],
},
{
"name": "alcohol",
"shape": [1],
"datatype": "FP32",
"data": [9.4],
},
]
}

endpoint = "http://localhost:8080/v2/models/wine-classifier/infer"
response = requests.post(endpoint, json=inference_request)

response.json()


As we can see in the output above, the predicted quality score for our input wine was 5.57.

### MLflow Scoring Protocol¶

MLflow currently ships with an scoring server with its own protocol. In order to provide a drop-in replacement, the MLflow runtime in MLServer also exposes a custom endpoint which matches the signature of the MLflow’s /invocations endpoint.

As an example, we can try to send the same request that sent previously, but using MLflow’s protocol. Note that, in both cases, the request will be handled by the same MLServer instance.

import requests

inference_request = {
"columns": [
"alcohol",
"chlorides",
"citric acid",
"density",
"fixed acidity",
"free sulfur dioxide",
"pH",
"residual sugar",
"sulphates",
"total sulfur dioxide",
"volatile acidity",
],
"data": [[7.4,0.7,0,1.9,0.076,11,34,0.9978,3.51,0.56,9.4]],
}

endpoint = "http://localhost:8080/invocations"
response = requests.post(endpoint, json=inference_request)

response.json()


As we can see above, the predicted quality for our input is 5.57, matching the prediction we obtained above.

### MLflow Model Signature¶

MLflow lets users define a model signature, where they can specify what types of inputs does the model accept, and what types of outputs it returns. Similarly, the V2 inference protocol employed by MLServer defines a metadata endpoint which can be used to query what inputs and outputs does the model accept. However, even though they serve similar functions, the data schemas used by each one of them are not compatible between them.

To solve this, if your model defines a MLflow model signature, MLServer will convert on-the-fly this signature to a metadata schema compatible with the V2 Inference Protocol. This will also include specifying any extra content type that is required to correctly decode / encode your data.

As an example, we can first have a look at the model signature saved for our MLflow model. This can be seen directly on the MLModel file saved by our model.

!cat {model_path}/MLmodel


We can then query the metadata endpoint, to see the model metadata inferred by MLServer from our test model’s signature. For this, we will use the /v2/models/wine-classifier/ endpoint.

import requests

endpoint = "http://localhost:8080/v2/models/wine-classifier"
response = requests.get(endpoint)

response.json()


As we should be able to see, the model metadata now matches the information contained in our model signature, including any extra content types necessary to decode our data correctly.